cylinderflow.py¶
In this script we solve the Navier-Stokes equations around a cylinder, using the same Raviart-Thomas discretization as in drivencavity-compatible.py but in curvilinear coordinates. The mesh is constructed such that all elements are shape similar, growing exponentially with radius such that the artificial exterior boundary is placed at large (configurable) distance.
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 | from nutils import mesh, function, solver, util, export, cli, testing
import numpy, treelog
def main(nelems:int, degree:int, reynolds:float, rotation:float, timestep:float, maxradius:float, seed:int, endtime:float):
'''
Flow around a cylinder.
.. arguments::
nelems [24]
Element size expressed in number of elements along the cylinder wall.
All elements have similar shape with approximately unit aspect ratio,
with elements away from the cylinder wall growing exponentially.
degree [3]
Polynomial degree for velocity space; the pressure space is one degree
less.
reynolds [1000]
Reynolds number, taking the cylinder radius as characteristic length.
rotation [0]
Cylinder rotation speed.
timestep [.04]
Time step
maxradius [25]
Target exterior radius; the actual domain size is subject to integer
multiples of the configured element size.
seed [0]
Random seed for small velocity noise in the intial condition.
endtime [inf]
Stopping time.
'''
elemangle = 2 * numpy.pi / nelems
melems = int(numpy.log(2*maxradius) / elemangle + .5)
treelog.info('creating {}x{} mesh, outer radius {:.2f}'.format(melems, nelems, .5*numpy.exp(elemangle*melems)))
domain, geom = mesh.rectilinear([melems, nelems], periodic=(1,))
domain = domain.withboundary(inner='left', outer='right')
ns = function.Namespace()
ns.uinf = 1, 0
ns.r = .5 * function.exp(elemangle * geom[0])
ns.Re = reynolds
ns.phi = geom[1] * elemangle # add small angle to break element symmetry
ns.x_i = 'r <cos(phi), sin(phi)>_i'
ns.J = ns.x.grad(geom)
ns.unbasis, ns.utbasis, ns.pbasis = function.chain([ # compatible spaces
domain.basis('spline', degree=(degree,degree-1), removedofs=((0,),None)),
domain.basis('spline', degree=(degree-1,degree)),
domain.basis('spline', degree=degree-1),
]) / function.determinant(ns.J)
ns.ubasis_ni = 'unbasis_n J_i0 + utbasis_n J_i1' # piola transformation
ns.u_i = 'ubasis_ni ?lhs_n'
ns.p = 'pbasis_n ?lhs_n'
ns.sigma_ij = '(u_i,j + u_j,i) / Re - p δ_ij'
ns.N = 10 * degree / elemangle # Nitsche constant based on element size = elemangle/2
ns.nitsche_ni = '(N ubasis_ni - (ubasis_ni,j + ubasis_nj,i) n_j) / Re'
ns.rotation = rotation
ns.uwall_i = '0.5 rotation <-sin(phi), cos(phi)>_i'
inflow = domain.boundary['outer'].select(-ns.uinf.dotnorm(ns.x), ischeme='gauss1') # upstream half of the exterior boundary
sqr = inflow.integral('(u_i - uinf_i) (u_i - uinf_i)' @ ns, degree=degree*2)
cons = solver.optimize('lhs', sqr, droptol=1e-15) # constrain inflow semicircle to uinf
sqr = domain.integral('(u_i - uinf_i) (u_i - uinf_i) + p^2' @ ns, degree=degree*2)
lhs0 = solver.optimize('lhs', sqr) # set initial condition to u=uinf, p=0
numpy.random.seed(seed)
lhs0 *= numpy.random.normal(1, .1, lhs0.shape) # add small velocity noise
res = domain.integral('(ubasis_ni u_i,j u_j + ubasis_ni,j sigma_ij + pbasis_n u_k,k) d:x' @ ns, degree=9)
res += domain.boundary['inner'].integral('(nitsche_ni (u_i - uwall_i) - ubasis_ni sigma_ij n_j) d:x' @ ns, degree=9)
inertia = domain.integral('ubasis_ni u_i d:x' @ ns, degree=9)
bbox = numpy.array([[-2,46/9],[-2,2]]) # bounding box for figure based on 16x9 aspect ratio
bezier0 = domain.sample('bezier', 5)
bezier = bezier0.subset((bezier0.eval((ns.x-bbox[:,0]) * (bbox[:,1]-ns.x)) > 0).all(axis=1))
interpolate = util.tri_interpolator(bezier.tri, bezier.eval(ns.x), mergetol=1e-5) # interpolator for quivers
spacing = .05 # initial quiver spacing
xgrd = util.regularize(bbox, spacing)
with treelog.iter.plain('timestep', solver.impliciteuler('lhs', residual=res, inertia=inertia, lhs0=lhs0, timestep=timestep, constrain=cons, newtontol=1e-10)) as steps:
for istep, lhs in enumerate(steps):
t = istep * timestep
x, u, normu, p = bezier.eval(['x_i', 'u_i', 'sqrt(u_k u_k)', 'p'] @ ns, lhs=lhs)
ugrd = interpolate[xgrd](u)
with export.mplfigure('flow.png', figsize=(12.8,7.2)) as fig:
ax = fig.add_axes([0,0,1,1], yticks=[], xticks=[], frame_on=False, xlim=bbox[0], ylim=bbox[1])
im = ax.tripcolor(x[:,0], x[:,1], bezier.tri, p, shading='gouraud', cmap='jet')
import matplotlib.collections
ax.add_collection(matplotlib.collections.LineCollection(x[bezier.hull], colors='k', linewidths=.1, alpha=.5))
ax.quiver(xgrd[:,0], xgrd[:,1], ugrd[:,0], ugrd[:,1], angles='xy', width=1e-3, headwidth=3e3, headlength=5e3, headaxislength=2e3, zorder=9, alpha=.5)
ax.plot(0, 0, 'k', marker=(3,2,t*rotation*180/numpy.pi-90), markersize=20)
cax = fig.add_axes([0.9, 0.1, 0.01, 0.8])
cax.tick_params(labelsize='large')
fig.colorbar(im, cax=cax)
if t >= endtime:
break
xgrd = util.regularize(bbox, spacing, xgrd + ugrd * timestep)
return lhs0, lhs
|
If the script is executed (as opposed to imported), nutils.cli.run()
calls the main function with arguments provided from the command line.
117 118 | if __name__ == '__main__':
cli.run(main)
|
Once a simulation is developed and tested, it is good practice to save a few
strategic return values for regression testing. The nutils.testing
module, which builds on the standard unittest
framework, facilitates
this by providing nutils.testing.TestCase.assertAlmostEqual64()
for the
embedding of desired results as compressed base64 data.
126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 | class test(testing.TestCase):
@testing.requires('matplotlib', 'scipy')
def test_rot0(self):
lhs0, lhs = main(nelems=6, degree=3, reynolds=100, rotation=0, timestep=.1, maxradius=25, seed=0, endtime=.05)
with self.subTest('initial condition'): self.assertAlmostEqual64(lhs0, '''
eNpT1n+qx8Bw8sLNCwwM6bpGugwMmy7tv8TA4GmoZcjAcObctHMMDOuNio0YGBzPmp9lYHhuYmTCwNB5
2uI0A4OFqbMpA4Pd6YenGBhSgDpfXXoG1HlXpwXItrxkCmSz683WZ2CwvvDrPAPDVv3fQBMZzn0FmvLK
8LkxA4PCmZAzDAzfjL8ATXx0agPQlBCgedQBAOgCMhE=''', atol=2e-13)
with self.subTest('left-hand side'): self.assertAlmostEqual64(lhs, '''
eNoB2AAn/4Y0pjUwMHTKhMrmMoI4Qzcpz4TI78egy545+Dm7MwPGEsa+NVY8pjtVNSzE18OoyXI9VD02
M5zCnsJazE0+Hj76NsPByMH/yhQ30DN6yFjIAjCrN5Y4FcooyE3I8ssCOGk4QjXXxrPGNzILOXo7AMj3
xOjEM8k3O8Y85DcZwyTDAzjaPFY+sMfJwavBhDNPPvbFX8cuOKI3/zpFOFI87TqmN9k8C8hkNFnCgcXV
Pds7VT/qPdZBbEF5QUZD7UEJQYi527ziROVETEeVRfZIfrfuRKZKr7s6SRCVaAA=''')
@testing.requires('matplotlib', 'scipy')
def test_rot1(self):
lhs0, lhs = main(nelems=6, degree=3, reynolds=100, rotation=1, timestep=.1, maxradius=25, seed=0, endtime=.05)
with self.subTest('initial condition'): self.assertAlmostEqual64(lhs0, '''
eNpT1n+qx8Bw8sLNCwwM6bpGugwMmy7tv8TA4GmoZcjAcObctHMMDOuNio0YGBzPmp9lYHhuYmTCwNB5
2uI0A4OFqbMpA4Pd6YenGBhSgDpfXXoG1HlXpwXItrxkCmSz683WZ2CwvvDrPAPDVv3fQBMZzn0FmvLK
8LkxA4PCmZAzDAzfjL8ATXx0agPQlBCgedQBAOgCMhE=''', atol=2e-13)
with self.subTest('left-hand side'): self.assertAlmostEqual64(lhs, '''
eNoB2AAn/380qTWFMHXKgsrUMoI4RDdJz4XI78eZy545+Dm8MwPGEsa+NVY8pjtWNSzE18OoyXI9VD02
M5zCnsJazE0+Hj76NsPByMH/yjM3ejSWyGzI/TG+N5I4A8oiyEjIzsv9N2o4RTXYxrTGajIMOXo7AMj3
xOjEMsk3O8Y85TcZwyTDAzjaPFY+sMfJwavBhDNPPvPFZMc4OKg3/jo7OFI87jqtN9k8Ccg6NFjChcXW
Pd07VT/oPdZBbEF5QUZD7EEIQYe527ziROVETEeURfZIfrfuRKZKrrs6SVFLajU=''')
|