drivencavity.py

In this script we solve the lid driven cavity problem for stationary Stokes and Navier-Stokes flow. That is, a unit square domain, with no-slip left, bottom and right boundaries and a top boundary that is moving at unit velocity in positive x-direction.

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from nutils import mesh, function, solver, export, cli, testing
import numpy, treelog

def main(nelems:int, etype:str, degree:int, reynolds:float):
  '''
  Driven cavity benchmark problem.

  .. arguments::

     nelems [12]
       Number of elements along edge.
     etype [square]
       Element type (square/triangle/mixed).
     degree [2]
       Polynomial degree for velocity; the pressure space is one degree less.
     reynolds [1000]
       Reynolds number, taking the domain size as characteristic length.
  '''

  domain, geom = mesh.unitsquare(nelems, etype)

  ns = function.Namespace()
  ns.Re = reynolds
  ns.x = geom
  ns.ubasis, ns.pbasis = function.chain([
    domain.basis('std', degree=degree).vector(2),
    domain.basis('std', degree=degree-1),
  ])
  ns.u_i = 'ubasis_ni ?lhs_n'
  ns.p = 'pbasis_n ?lhs_n'
  ns.stress_ij = '(u_i,j + u_j,i) / Re - p δ_ij'

  sqr = domain.boundary.integral('u_k u_k d:x' @ ns, degree=degree*2)
  wallcons = solver.optimize('lhs', sqr, droptol=1e-15)

  sqr = domain.boundary['top'].integral('(u_0 - 1)^2 d:x' @ ns, degree=degree*2)
  lidcons = solver.optimize('lhs', sqr, droptol=1e-15)

  cons = numpy.choose(numpy.isnan(lidcons), [lidcons, wallcons])
  cons[-1] = 0 # pressure point constraint

  res = domain.integral('(ubasis_ni,j stress_ij + pbasis_n u_k,k) d:x' @ ns, degree=degree*2)
  with treelog.context('stokes'):
    lhs0 = solver.solve_linear('lhs', res, constrain=cons)
    postprocess(domain, ns, lhs=lhs0)

  res += domain.integral('.5 (ubasis_ni u_i,j - ubasis_ni,j u_i) u_j d:x' @ ns, degree=degree*3)
  with treelog.context('navierstokes'):
    lhs1 = solver.newton('lhs', res, lhs0=lhs0, constrain=cons).solve(tol=1e-10)
    postprocess(domain, ns, lhs=lhs1)

  return lhs0, lhs1

Postprocessing in this script is separated so that it can be reused for the results of Stokes and Navier-Stokes, and because of the extra steps required for establishing streamlines.

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def postprocess(domain, ns, every=.05, spacing=.01, **arguments):

  ns = ns.copy_() # copy namespace so that we don't modify the calling argument
  ns.streambasis = domain.basis('std', degree=2)[1:] # remove first dof to obtain non-singular system
  ns.stream = 'streambasis_n ?streamdofs_n' # stream function
  sqr = domain.integral('((u_0 - stream_,1)^2 + (u_1 + stream_,0)^2) d:x' @ ns, degree=4)
  arguments['streamdofs'] = solver.optimize('streamdofs', sqr, arguments=arguments) # compute streamlines

  bezier = domain.sample('bezier', 9)
  x, u, p, stream = bezier.eval(['x_i', 'sqrt(u_k u_k)', 'p', 'stream'] @ ns, **arguments)
  with export.mplfigure('flow.png') as fig: # plot velocity as field, pressure as contours, streamlines as dashed
    ax = fig.add_axes([.1,.1,.8,.8], yticks=[], aspect='equal')
    import matplotlib.collections
    ax.add_collection(matplotlib.collections.LineCollection(x[bezier.hull], colors='w', linewidths=.5, alpha=.2))
    ax.tricontour(x[:,0], x[:,1], bezier.tri, stream, 16, colors='k', linestyles='dotted', linewidths=.5, zorder=9)
    caxu = fig.add_axes([.1,.1,.03,.8], title='velocity')
    imu = ax.tripcolor(x[:,0], x[:,1], bezier.tri, u, shading='gouraud', cmap='jet')
    fig.colorbar(imu, cax=caxu)
    caxu.yaxis.set_ticks_position('left')
    caxp = fig.add_axes([.87,.1,.03,.8], title='pressure')
    imp = ax.tricontour(x[:,0], x[:,1], bezier.tri, p, 16, cmap='gray', linestyles='solid')
    fig.colorbar(imp, cax=caxp)

If the script is executed (as opposed to imported), nutils.cli.run() calls the main function with arguments provided from the command line. To keep with the default arguments simply run python3 drivencavity.py (view log).

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if __name__ == '__main__':
  cli.run(main)

Once a simulation is developed and tested, it is good practice to save a few strategic return values for regression testing. The nutils.testing module, which builds on the standard unittest framework, facilitates this by providing nutils.testing.TestCase.assertAlmostEqual64() for the embedding of desired results as compressed base64 data.

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class test(testing.TestCase):

  @testing.requires('matplotlib')
  def test_square(self):
    lhs0, lhs1 = main(nelems=3, etype='square', reynolds=100, degree=3)
    with self.subTest('stokes'): self.assertAlmostEqual64(lhs0, '''
      eNqNkE8og3EYx99JLZKDJTktOfjT9nr3+3kjuTi4zcUB5cpcxcGkOa3kQC4OGyUXaRfESiI7OdjzfX/v
      3nd5OUiWhpbUWlsr/1Za48Tzrec5PJ/69v1K0t8z3PN9F11TZtQsdPmS9WzaauWW/sH9iaNuRe9TbayO
      lblHkXFFtbzSqU2wNJq4E588JZZ5xNPGvepLoszta+ftGbiVAJY8/RhhaSqymJFkZ+yQhVXLXeYKWOkY
      RVbOk6yc0J2yQ2MeSX5TgnxVuVcnf3CzV6OoT+TJECfUInZoV5PkahHkM+Je3TAqvgNWBqYIYF7rRwRp
      siNmuHDGhhBWO4xKjkYzqtWKTm0TaTyTEzZKiTmKeG7IqzrkSi8hV9Ss0X3JLKatW7L0KvInvHFFv7i0
      sRzK3H96TtErPVGKArQdD8Wv6YEMOqUFGqM9uqNM6WNRjLbomHK/VIv3UgoHZIyjFw2oRjM41nGNQdhR
      JFtpr+HAlKQvrHfV6g==''')
    with self.subTest('navier-stokes'): self.assertAlmostEqual64(lhs1, '''
      eNpjYCAMgswh9ErtA5c9ruTp/7xiZbhX28jo8MVbRn1XLIxVLhcbBxuIGsDUHbhgoxNx3tnA9vwcQ4fz
      PkbC59mNP2rONOIxnGiUaOx9GaYu5PxOjfJzB/Xdz5kbWp9jNYo9t81ont4so1OGXUbNJtX6MHVd515p
      XT4rqT//7EWDprPzDR+eTTY6pBdltNhoq9ELE+3zMHWe58rVl53lv2R1Vvbq+zOTdCLPmhpONkgwlDMO
      NawyvWAIU/f7nMRN03PyF3rOSp6XOqt3bv+ZA+cirnSclzf2vxhvGgo3T/pC5xXW80Ln751ddzb1rOpZ
      wzOXTp89l3iu1vic0WrTImOYugCd8uvrriy/aHf1w9nkizPPvDl/7rTe+cRTBmf3nVQx0T4DU0dMOK8/
      vfX0xtOrT3ef9jitfXrN6Q1A9oLTk0/POL339LrTW4AiC05POt0F5G85vR0oMut0z+mK04tP7wfK7zi9
      /nTf6aWnt50+enrP6ROnL57+cXrfacYze4G8rUD843SpLgMDAGbLx+o=''')

  @testing.requires('matplotlib')
  def test_mixed(self):
    lhs0, lhs1 = main(nelems=3, etype='mixed', reynolds=100, degree=2)
    with self.subTest('stokes'): self.assertAlmostEqual64(lhs0, '''
      eNpjYEAFEy++uHzs/EYjEFv73Hm9T2eVDGFyMWdfGJ/TVTGxMvQyqjxbAlYTZM7AsNWIxwhEG5hs0wTR
      1Wd5DDTOHrx05OzmczC9Cud8riSccbrqYJR2dfMZ07M+hkznLpuongepB+Eyk/TzIHVbL4QbrLqw9Qyy
      m+aee31awWALXEzP+NIZkB6Y/TFns88mn008u/mM+dnYM0Fn28/OOnv27K6zK8+Wn10FdAEAKXRKgw==''')
    with self.subTest('navier-stokes'): self.assertAlmostEqual64(lhs1, '''
      eNpjYEAFvRcfXLa8eNsQxP5xLkBv17ktBjC5iHOfjbr1XxotNbAy0j4nbQQSCzJnYLA0lNIH0XLGi3VB
      dNK5HoNjZ2frXj+77BxM775zfbq6Z+cYxBpd1vc543jursGSC0omz86D1IPwBJOzYDszL5oaLbgQcQbZ
      TTZnec9svix4FsZXNbl9GqQHZj/rGb4zPGfYz5w5/fr03tOMZzjOKJz5d5rzjMmZL6cvAk0CAOBkR7A=''')