drivencavity.py

In this script we solve the lid driven cavity problem for stationary Stokes and Navier-Stokes flow. That is, a unit square domain, with no-slip left, bottom and right boundaries and a top boundary that is moving at unit velocity in positive x-direction.

8
import nutils, numpy

The main function defines the parameter space for the script. Configurable parameters are the mesh density (in number of elements along an edge), element type (square, triangle, or mixed), polynomial degree, and Reynolds number.

15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
def main(nelems: 'number of elements' = 12,
         etype: 'type of elements (square/triangle/mixed)' = 'square',
         degree: 'polynomial degree for velocity' = 3,
         reynolds: 'reynolds number' = 1000.):

  domain, geom = nutils.mesh.unitsquare(nelems, etype)

  ns = nutils.function.Namespace()
  ns.Re = reynolds
  ns.x = geom
  ns.ubasis, ns.pbasis = nutils.function.chain([
    domain.basis('std', degree=degree).vector(2),
    domain.basis('std', degree=degree-1),
  ])
  ns.u_i = 'ubasis_ni ?lhs_n'
  ns.p = 'pbasis_n ?lhs_n'
  ns.stress_ij = '(u_i,j + u_j,i) / Re - p δ_ij'

  sqr = domain.boundary.integral('u_k u_k d:x' @ ns, degree=degree*2)
  wallcons = nutils.solver.optimize('lhs', sqr, droptol=1e-15)

  sqr = domain.boundary['top'].integral('(u_0 - 1)^2 d:x' @ ns, degree=degree*2)
  lidcons = nutils.solver.optimize('lhs', sqr, droptol=1e-15)

  cons = numpy.choose(numpy.isnan(lidcons), [lidcons, wallcons])
  cons[-1] = 0 # pressure point constraint

  res = domain.integral('(ubasis_ni,j stress_ij + pbasis_n u_k,k) d:x' @ ns, degree=degree*2)
  with nutils.log.context('stokes'):
    lhs0 = nutils.solver.solve_linear('lhs', res, constrain=cons)
    postprocess(domain, ns, lhs=lhs0)

  res += domain.integral('ubasis_ni u_i,j u_j d:x' @ ns, degree=degree*3)
  with nutils.log.context('navierstokes'):
    lhs1 = nutils.solver.newton('lhs', res, lhs0=lhs0, constrain=cons).solve(tol=1e-10)
    postprocess(domain, ns, lhs=lhs1)

  return lhs0, lhs1

Postprocessing in this script is separated so that it can be reused for the results of Stokes and Navier-Stokes, and because of the extra steps required for establishing streamlines.

58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
def postprocess(domain, ns, every=.05, spacing=.01, **arguments):

  ns = ns.copy_() # copy namespace so that we don't modify the calling argument
  ns.streambasis = domain.basis('std', degree=2)[1:] # remove first dof to obtain non-singular system
  ns.stream = 'streambasis_n ?streamdofs_n' # stream function
  sqr = domain.integral('((u_0 - stream_,1)^2 + (u_1 + stream_,0)^2) d:x' @ ns, degree=4)
  arguments['streamdofs'] = nutils.solver.optimize('streamdofs', sqr, arguments=arguments) # compute streamlines

  bezier = domain.sample('bezier', 9)
  x, u, p, stream = bezier.eval(['x_i', 'sqrt(u_k u_k)', 'p', 'stream'] @ ns, **arguments)
  with nutils.export.mplfigure('flow.png') as fig: # plot velocity as field, pressure as contours, streamlines as dashed
    ax = fig.add_axes([.1,.1,.8,.8], yticks=[], aspect='equal')
    import matplotlib.collections
    ax.add_collection(matplotlib.collections.LineCollection(x[bezier.hull], colors='w', linewidths=.5, alpha=.2))
    ax.tricontour(x[:,0], x[:,1], bezier.tri, stream, 16, colors='k', linestyles='dotted', linewidths=.5, zorder=9)
    caxu = fig.add_axes([.1,.1,.03,.8], title='velocity')
    imu = ax.tripcolor(x[:,0], x[:,1], bezier.tri, u, shading='gouraud', cmap='jet')
    fig.colorbar(imu, cax=caxu)
    caxu.yaxis.set_ticks_position('left')
    caxp = fig.add_axes([.87,.1,.03,.8], title='pressure')
    imp = ax.tricontour(x[:,0], x[:,1], bezier.tri, p, 16, cmap='gray', linestyles='solid')
    fig.colorbar(imp, cax=caxp)

If the script is executed (as opposed to imported), nutils.cli.run() calls the main function with arguments provided from the command line. To keep with the default arguments simply run python3 drivencavity.py (view log).

85
86
if __name__ == '__main__':
  nutils.cli.run(main)

Once a simulation is developed and tested, it is good practice to save a few strategic return values for regression testing. The nutils.testing module, which builds on the standard unittest framework, facilitates this by providing nutils.testing.TestCase.assertAlmostEqual64() for the embedding of desired results as compressed base64 data.

 94
 95
 96
 97
 98
 99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
class test(nutils.testing.TestCase):

  @nutils.testing.requires('matplotlib')
  def test_square(self):
    lhs0, lhs1 = main(nelems=3, etype='square', reynolds=100, degree=3)
    with self.subTest('stokes'): self.assertAlmostEqual64(lhs0, '''
      eNp1zj1IQlEUB/BrCJKEQxLRFNFQxvN1vTcpoqWhzZaGElr7WKOGirApiIaipcEKoiXCpaKEiCKnhjzn
      XX1PejaEJGGFRCCiCH153YrXOXCG3+Fw/oT8rZFeQpaVqDGVmjHNxEKSJmxM2rOIal1aDlsxKyK+gF/a
      sZbHEA5gDmL6FduuWRnHsAQXcABEXeGP/5rVrdUPqyxWma1q2ih3u1g7/+JnPf3+BiYtr5ToBGvm33yN
      d/C3pLTrTi9d9Y2yCkuxU2Z6pa17CqpKMzTo+6AbdLJmc3eupC7axKFmF7NiR5c2aBpiUYugAxUcRk/N
      mgyn2MVXsME83INblRZW6hMFfIA6CMRvbotonTgL7/ACWQjBfjwcT8MT6HAJSxCEI8hAvroxIQZ7cA7F
      X+3ET3CgG1Ucxz5sRDu2IMctTONQNVkFbNW5iScGIT8HbdXq''')
    with self.subTest('navier-stokes'): self.assertAlmostEqual64(lhs1, '''
      eNptzktoU0EUBuC7KeLGguKioS4MBdPekNyZSWIwEihowVVBxJW0pYuiFgpiXSh0F0ltELvoC2zAVuor
      RuiTJlRLC6Hof2cml0wwCxVqCl1XFOqi4p27LPlXP985HI5hHM/1i4aRMzvVL7VqOs4j5VMhS9un8k2Z
      kEnZLL+271v3mLYb8oG4KuKiR0yGtkk6om1MODzLH/Ma/xZK0b+eXROveJzX7Vs8ZcXYUFTbkYiJp7yF
      b9i3VTO765m/fFL+5IM8ZBfFHJvybCD4WvVWi86BZPIsj3j3Gv3cKKXKUDhJovQ7TbBhdsrSdjl4xcqS
      btrEZukM7VDa3ge2wnHSRAt0lmboSFjbCfNMuGItkH7aSxdpi9Q2c+Gf80JFgpdIHxkgdaJtt3aufFq2
      iRXxUPqchLfnV63yLT/Pd2CKLXqfadsL9DmGmLeruPPl42diN/44jyV8wBuMogvteIe827MYxwTWkMOi
      K1k8QxrTbl9xZQpPMIzn2EDR3cgjg5dYxzYKKIHjDzbx252sY9mdHuKHaRj/AYh1yFc=''')

  @nutils.testing.requires('matplotlib')
  def test_mixed(self):
    lhs0, lhs1 = main(nelems=3, etype='mixed', reynolds=100, degree=2)
    with self.subTest('stokes'): self.assertAlmostEqual64(lhs0, '''
      eNpjYICAiRePnWdg0D736SyIF3P2nK6VYSWQHWS+1SjI3MAkyLz6rMbZI2BZhXMJZxyMNp/xMbwMFA8y
      LzNhYNh6YdUFiElzzykYgGg94yBzkH6oBQwvLm80YmA4r6dkCOYZq5h4GZUYgdg8QHKbJpA2OHhp8zmQ
      iM8Vp6tpV03PMp1TPQ/ipwPJcIOtZyAmvT69Bcy6BOXHnM0+m3w28ezmM+ZnY88EnW0/O+vs2bO7zq48
      W352FdA8ABC3SoM=''')
    with self.subTest('navier-stokes'): self.assertAlmostEqual64(lhs1, '''
      eNpjYICA1RezLjIwPD639hyIl31umX6vgQGQHWTuaRhkLmYcZB54bvvZq2dBsofPqZ4tMoo4o22oaxJk
      HmReasLAsOrihAsQkxzOJl0B0TJAOZB+qAUMtZefGzIwxOjtNgDxfho9MbI1UjcCsV/pMTA802VgqDNY
      qrsEbL+I7nGD0/o655ouMIFN3QLUqWSUcQZiEvMZbrA7npyG8IXPyJ2RPiN65ubpn6dPn+Y9I3XG4Awf
      UMzlDPuZ60A9AH73RT0=''')