# numeric¶

The numeric module provides methods that are lacking from the numpy module.

nutils.numeric.overlapping(arr, axis=-1, n=2)

reinterpret data with overlaps

nutils.numeric.normdim(ndim, n)

check bounds and make positive

nutils.numeric.get(arr, axis, item)

take single item from array axis

nutils.numeric.contract(A, B, axis=-1)
nutils.numeric.dot(A, B, axis=-1)

Transform axis of A by contraction with first axis of B and inserting remaining axes. Note: with default axis=-1 this leads to multiplication of vectors and matrices following linear algebra conventions.

nutils.numeric.meshgrid(*args)

multi-dimensional meshgrid generalisation

nutils.numeric.normalize(A, axis=-1)

devide by normal

nutils.numeric.diagonalize(arg, axis=-1, newaxis=-1)

insert newaxis, place axis on diagonal of axis and newaxis

nutils.numeric.inv(A)

Matrix inverse.

Fully equivalent to numpy.linalg.inv(), with the exception that upon singular systems inv() does not raise a LinAlgError, but rather issues a RuntimeWarning and returns NaN (not a number) values. For arguments of dimension >2 the return array contains NaN values only for those entries that correspond to singular matrices.

nutils.numeric.ix(args)

version of numpy.ix_() that allows for scalars

nutils.numeric.ext(A)

Exterior For array of shape (n,n-1) return n-vector ex such that ex.array = 0 and det(arr;ex) = ex.ex

nutils.numeric.unpack(n, atol, rtol)

Convert packed representation to floating point data.

The packed binary form is a floating point interpretation of signed integer data, such that any integer n maps onto float a as follows:

a = nan                       if n = -N-1
a = -inf                      if n = -N
a = sinh(n*rtol)*atol/rtol    if -N < n < N
a = +inf                      if n = N,


where N = 2**(nbits-1)-1 is the largest representable signed integer.

Note that packing is both order and zero preserving. The transformation is designed such that the spacing around zero equals atol, while the relative spacing for most of the data range is approximately constant at rtol. Precisely, the spacing between a value a and the adjacent value is sqrt(atol**2 + (a*rtol)**2). Note that the truncation error equals half the spacing.

The representable data range depends on the values of atol and rtol and the bitsize of n. Useful values for different data types are:

dtype

rtol

atol

range

int8

2e-1

2e-06

4e+05

int16

2e-3

2e-15

1e+16

int32

2e-7

2e-96

2e+97

Parameters
Returns

Return type

float array

nutils.numeric.pack(a, atol, rtol, dtype)

Lossy compression of floating point data.

See unpack() for the definition of the packed binary form. The converse transformation uses rounding in packed domain to determine the closest matching value. In particular this may lead to values falling outside the representable data range to be clipped to infinity. Some examples of packed truncation:

>>> def truncate(a, dtype, **tol):
...   return unpack(pack(a, dtype=dtype, **tol), **tol)
>>> truncate(0.5, dtype='int16', atol=2e-15, rtol=2e-3)
0.5004...
>>> truncate(1, dtype='int16', atol=2e-15, rtol=2e-3)
0.9998...
>>> truncate(2, dtype='int16', atol=2e-15, rtol=2e-3)
2.0013...
>>> truncate(2, dtype='int16', atol=2e-15, rtol=2e-4)
inf
>>> truncate(2, dtype='int32', atol=2e-15, rtol=2e-4)
2.00013...

Parameters
Returns

Return type

int array.

nutils.numeric.accumulate(data, index, shape)

accumulate scattered data in dense array.

Accumulates values from data in an array of shape shape at positions index, equivalent with:

>>> def accumulate(data, index, shape):
...   array = numpy.zeros(shape, data.dtype)
...   for v, *ij in zip(data, *index):
...     array[ij] += v
...   return array

nutils.numeric.asboolean(array, size, ordered=True)

convert index array to boolean.

A boolean array is returned as-is after confirming that the length is correct.

>>> asboolean([True, False], size=2)
array([ True, False], dtype=bool)


A strictly increasing integer array is converted to the equivalent boolean array such that asboolean(array, n).nonzero()[0] == array.

>>> asboolean([1,3], size=4)
array([False,  True, False,  True], dtype=bool)


In case the order of integers is not important this must be explicitly specified using the ordered argument.

>>> asboolean([3,1,1], size=4, ordered=False)
array([False,  True, False,  True], dtype=bool)

Parameters